Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta first aid. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta first aid. Mostrar todas las entradas

viernes, 10 de enero de 2014

Interviewing an expert: learning more about epilepsy and asthma

In order to know and learn more about epilepsy and asthma, we contacted an expert doctor. The intervieweé, Leire Berriozabal,  is a graduate in Family Medicine and Family Medicine residents' supervisor who is currently working in the hospital of Mondragon (Guipúzcoa).

We found it really interesting and useful for parents, teachers and anyone who may be interested in both topics, since it provides lots of valuable information explained with a clear language. Enjoy it!


1. La epilepsia es una de las enfermedades que más alarma provoca. ¿Qué

debemos hacer si presenciamos un ataque epiléptico de un menor?
 
 
Las convulsiones provocan gran alarma entre el personal no sanitario. En un menor no

se deben confundir las convulsiones febriles y las crisis epilépticas.

Las convulsiones febriles no se consideran epilepsia, y son convulsiones asociadas a un

proceso febril (ej infección respiratoria, otitis, laringitis, etc) y aparecen en niños

menores de 3 años. En niños con antecedentes de convulsiones febriles estaría

recomendado tratar precozmente la fiebre con antitérmicos (ibuprofeno o paracetamol

oral) para prevenir el desarrollo de la misma.

Si presenciamos una convulsión febril, deberíamos evitar que el menor se lesione con

objetos del entorno, sujetarlo suavemente y esperar a que pase en 10-15minutos. Si

superara este tiempo tendríamos que avisar al 112, ya que no se consideraría una

convulsión febril simple y habría que administrar medicación rectal y posiblemente

realizar algún estudio neurológico posterior. Aumentan ligeramente el riesgo de sufrir

epilepsia en el adulto (2-7% de los niños con convulsiones febriles, frente al 1 % de

riesgo que tiene el resto de la población, sobre todo las de larga duración con clínica

neurológica añadida tras la crisis).

Una crisis epiléptica en un menor puede presentarse de distinta manera: como una crisis

tónico-clónica (con movimientos y sacudidas generalizadas), crisis parcial

(movimientos que afectan a una extremidad solamente) o crisis de ausencia (se tratan de

pequeñas desconexiones del medio, como si estuviera ausente, sin movimientos del

cuerpo).

Habitualmente nos referimos a crisis epiléptica como las tónico-clónicas, pero conviene

recordar que las crisis parciales y las ausencias son igual de importantes y mucho menos

llamativas.

Conservar la calma y no actuar precipitadamente.

Intentar que el menor no se lesione retirando objetos peligrosos de alrededor y

colocando algo blando bajo su cabeza.

Aflojar la ropa alrededor del cuello.

Observar la duración de la crisis epiléptica (la gran mayoría no supera los 2-3

minutos) tras lo cual la persona permanece somnolienta y se recupera gradualmente

en 10-20 minutos.

No introducir objetos en la boca (pueden obstruir la vía aérea si se traga el objeto y

podemos causar lesiones orales al intentar introducirlo a la fuerza).

No se debe dar medicación ni líquidos ni nada por boca a un inconsciente.

En caso de vómitos o ante la duda en la mayoría de los casos colocarle de lado en

posición lateral de seguridad: tumbado sobre un costado, con la cabeza apoyada en un

brazo y la pierna libre flexionada. Asi evitamos en caso de vómito que vaya a la vía

respiratoria y que la lengua caiga hacia atrás y obstruya la respiración.

Permanecer al lado de la persona hasta que ceda la crisis y comprobar que

progresivamente se recupera y vuelve a la normalidad.

En caso de duración superior a 10-15 minutos, o no saber como actuar llamar al 112.
 
2. Hay una creencia general de que es necesario sujetarles la lengua para que

el afectado no se ahogue durante el ataque epiléptico. ¿Qué hay de cierto en

ello?
 
Es cierto que la lengua queda flácida por pérdida de tono muscular durante la crisis

epiléptica y puede causar una obstrucción de la vía respiratoria al caer hacia atrás si la

persona está tumbada boca arriba. De ahí surge la creencia que hay que sujetarles la

lengua o introducir un objeto en la boca para dicha función.

La realidad es que no se deben introducir objetos extraños en la boca para evitar que la

lengua caiga hacia atrás, y normalmente no suele ser ni posible por la contracturarigidez

que presenta la musculatura de la cara y alrededor de la boca. NO se debe forzar

la apertura bucal.

El único objeto autorizado a introducir en una crisis epiléptica es una cánula orofaringea

o Guedel que no se dispone habitualmente salvo en unidades sanitarias o ambulancias.

Por lo tanto no insistiremos en introducir objetos en la boca para sujetar la lengua.

En lugar de eso colocaremos al paciente en posición lateral de seguridad con lo que

además de evitar que aspire su propio vómito estando inconsciente, mantendremos la

vía aérea abierta ya que al estar tumbado de lado la lengua caerá a un lado y respirará

con normalidad.
 
3. ¿Qué función desempeña la medicación? ¿Es eficaz para evitar los ataques?

¿A qué edad suele detectarse?
 
La medicación es fundamental para prevenir y tratar los ataques cuando suceden.

Aunque es cierto que cada tipo de Epilepsia infantil requiere un tratamiento específico,

adaptado a las características del paciente. Algunos son refractarios (resistentes) al

tratamiento.

Existen medidas preventivas y hábitos de vida saludables que pueden ayudar a prevenir

las crisis (buen ritmo de sueño, vida ordenada, evitar drogas, cumplir pauta

tratamiento).

Contrariamente a lo que se cree la mayoría de las epilepsias no son fotosensibles

(desencadenadas por luces intensas y parpadeantes, videojuegos, etc), se engloban

dentro de un grupo denominado epilepsias reflejas, que son desencadenadas por un

estímulo concreto y repetido. Suponen un 4% de todas las epilepsias. Dentro de este

grupo hay casos de epilepsias desencadenadas por estímulos tan sencillos como el agua

caliente.

Respecto a la edad de detección de la epilepsia, no existe una edad concreta. Se inicia el

estudio y seguimiento con posterior tratamiento si lo precisa tras presentar al menos 2

crisis epilépticas (del tipo que sean, ausencias, parciales o generalizadas). Nunca se

etiqueta a nadie de epilepsia con solo un episodio.
 
4. El asma es una enfermedad bastante común entre los niños. ¿Puede

considerarse una patología seria?


Si, es una enfermedad a tener cuenta, una crisis asmática grave es una urgencia vital. Un

asmático debe ponerlo en conocimiento de sus compañeros y profesores y llevar su

medicación siempre encima.

 
5. ¿Es cierto que los niños afectados de asma no pueden hacer ejercicio físico?


Es una creencia totalmente falsa. Los niños con asma pueden y deben hacer deporte

físico, adaptado a su tipo de asma (si es alérgico no debería hacer deporte expuesto al

alergeno que le desencadena la crisis, ej. Polen, polvo) y con una pauta de tratamiento

adecuado.

Se debe prestar especial atención a los deportes de resistencia, de intensidad y duración

prolongada. Pero por poder pueden hacer deporte, siempre que tengan buen control del

asma con la medicación. Antes del ejercicio se suele recomendar en algunos casos

tomar una dosis extra del inhalador.


* Due to the high technical character of the interview, we decided to publish its original version so as to be absolutely faithful to the expert's words.

DROWNINGS

About one in five people who die from drowning are children aged 14 or younger. Kids are specially at risk because they are curious, fast and attracted to water but are not yet able to understand how dangerous it is. For every child who dies from drowning, another five receive emergency department care for nonfatal submersion injuries.


Children ages 1 to 4 have the highest drowning rates. In 2009, among children 1 to 4 years old who died from an untentional injury, more than 30% were from drowning, occuring most of them in home swimming pools. Drowning is responsable for more deaths among children 1-4 than any other cause except congenital anomalies. Among children between 1 and 14, fatal drowning remains the second-leading cause of uninentional injury-related death behind motor vehicle crashes.


WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE CHILDREN DROWNING RISK?
  • Lack of swimming ability
  • Lack of barriers
  • Lack of close supervision
  • Location
  • Failure to wear life jackets
  • Seizure disorders

WHAT TO DO
  • Get the child out of the water as quickly as possible.
  • Begin rescue breathing and call for help
  • Open the child's airway
  • If he/she does not seem to breathe, place your mouth over child's nose and lips and give two breaths, each lasting about one second (if they are under age 1) or pinch the kid's nose and seal your lips over his/her mouth, giving two slow, full breaths from one to two seconds each (in case they are 1 or older)
  • If doing that the chest rises, check for a pulse. If not, try again. If there is a pulse, give one breath every three seconds. Check for a pulse every minute and continue rescue breathing until the child is breathing on her own or help arrives.
  • If you cannot find a pulse, with children under age 1, imagine a line between the child's nipples, and place two fingers just below its centerpoint. Apply five half-inch chest compressions in about three seconds. After five compressions, seal your lips over your child's mouth and nose and give one breath. With children 1 or older, use the heel of your hand to apply five quick one-inch chest compressions to the middle of the breastbone (just above where the ribs come together) in about three seconds. After five compressions, pinch your child's nose, seal your lips over his mouth, and give one full breath. All ages: Continue the cycle of five chest compressions followed by a breath for one minute, then check for a pulse. Repeat cycle until you find a pulse or help arrives and takes over.

HOW TO PREVENT CHILDREN FROM DROWNING
  • Supervise children in or around the water
  • Use the buddy system
  • Seizure disorder safety
  • Learn to swim
  • Learn Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
  • Be careful with air-filled or foam toys
  • Bear in mind the local weather conditions and forecast before swimming or boating.
  • If you have a swimming pool at home, install four-sided fencing and clear the pool and deck of toys.





ASTHMA FLARE-UPS


Asthma is an illness that affects a person's airways or bronchial tubes. These tubes lead from the trachea into the lungs.

 

For most kids, breathing is an unconscious action: they breathe in through their noses or mouths and the air goes into the trachea, travelling next through the airways into the lungs. Nevertheless, such an easy action can be really difficult because of the sensitivity of their airways.


WHO GETS ASTHMA?

Asthma is more common than we might think. In fact, it affects about 1 or 2 kids out of 10. It can start at any age, being specially common in school-age kids.

The reason why people are affected by asthma is still unknown, but it has been proved that it runs in families.


WHAT IS AN ASTHMA FLARE-UP?

An asthma flare-up or asthma attack happens when a person's airways get swollen and narrower and it becomes extremely difficult for air to get easily in and out of the lungs. What is more, the swollen airways may sometimes produce extra mucus, becoming breathing even more difficult. Kids with asthma may wheeze, cough or feel tightness in the chest.

After an asthma flare-up, the airways almost always return to the way they were before, although it can take several days. Nevertheless, if asthma is not treated can get worse and worse.

 
WHAT CAUSES AN ASTHMA FLARE-UP?

An asthma flare-up may occur when a children comes in contact with:
  • Dust mites
  • Mold
  • Pollen
  • Colds
  • Furry animals
  • Perfume
  • Chalk dust
  • Cigarrette smoke

TREATMENT

Kids affected by asthma should try to avoid those elements that can cause their airways to tighten. Nevertheless, some of them, such as animals, colds or chalk dust, cannot be avoided. Thus, these children need to manage their illness with medication.

Since there are different types of asthma, there are also different kinds of medicines for treating it. In order to provide the best treatment, the doctor will take into account the causes of the asthma flare-ups, how often they happen and how serious they are.

There are two main sorts of medication:
  • The rescue medicine: when it is taken only once in a while, when a flare-up happens. It works fast opening the airways, so the person can breathe easily again.
  • The controller medicine: it needs to be taken every day. It is mainly used to prevent flare-ups.

EARLY WARNING SIGNS OF AN ASTHMA FLARE-UP


WHAT TO DO

Asthma flare-ups demand IMMEDIATE attention. Take the rescue medication and go to the doctor (if it is really serious, even go to the hospital).


HOW TO PREVENT ASTHMA FLARE-UPS
  • Take the prescribed medication
  • Keep rescue medicine on hand at all times
  • Avoid triggers, such as allergens



 

sábado, 4 de enero de 2014

HIVES (Cases of urticaria)

Red raised spots on children's skin are often a case of the hives (a common biological reaction to something like an allergen). They seldom cause serious health problems and most of them eventually clear up and go away.



Hives or urticaria are red raised bumps or welts on the skin. They can appear in any part of the body as small individual spots or large interconnected bumps. They can last from a few hours to a week (sometimes this period of time can be longer).


MOST COMMON CAUSES
  • Allergic reactions to food (specially shellfish, tree nuts, milk and fruit), medications and allergy shots, pets or other animals, pollen, insect bites and stings.
  • Infections, including colds
  • Exercise
  • Anxiety or stress
  • Exposure to the sun
  • Exposure to the cold
  • Contact with chemicals
  • Scratching
  • Putting pressure on the skin

TREATMENT
  • In many cases hives won't require any treatment and they will go away on their own.
  • In case a trigger is identified, treatment will include making sure the child avoids it. If there is important itchiness, the doctor may prescribe an antihistamine medication.
  • For chronic hives, the doctor may recommend a non-sedating prescription or over-the-counter antihistamine to be taken every day. If this does not work, a stronger antihistamine, another medication or a combination of medicines may be suggested by the specialist. In rare cases, oral steroids could be provided.

SEEK EMERGENCY CARE or CALL THE DOCTOR URGENTLY if you observe one of the followings:
  • anaphylactic shock
  • severe attacks
  • angioedema

You may find interesting these videos about hives:






domingo, 22 de diciembre de 2013

EYE INJURIES

Most eye injuries are minor, like getting soap in the eye, but others, such as those that happen during sport activities, can be serious and require medical attention: eye injuries are the most common preventable cause of blindness, so when in doubt, do not hesitate to call the doctor.

 
 
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 
  • Redness
  • Stinging or burning
  • Watering
  • Sensitivity to light
  • Blurred vision
  • Swelling of the eyelids
  • Discoloration around the eye
 
WHAT TO DO
 
ROUTINE IRRITATIONS
  • Wash your hands thoroughly before touching the eyelids to examine or flush to the eye.
  • Do not touch, press or rub the eye itself and try to avoid the child from touching it.
  • Do not try to remove any foreign body except by flushing: there is a high risk of scratching the surface of the eye, specially the cornea.
  • Tilt the child's head over a basin or sink with the affected eye pointed down and gently pull down the lower lid, with his or her eyes opened as wide as possible.
  • Gently pour a steady stream of lukewarm water from a pitch or faucet over the affected eye.
  • Flush for up to 15 minutes, checking the eye every 5 minutes to see if the foreign body has been flushed out.
  • If the irritation continues afterward, the eye should be examined by a doctor, because a particle can scratch the cornea and cause an infection.
  • If a foreign body is not dislodged by flushing, it will probably be necessary a professional to flush the eye.

EMBEDDED FOREIGN BODY
  • Call for emergency medical help or go to the emergency room.
  • Cover the affected eye with a small cup taped in place: keep all the pressure off the eye.
  • Keep the child as calm and comfortable as possible until help arrives.

CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
  • If a kid gets a chemical in the eye and you know what it is, look on the product's container for an emergency number to ask for instructions.
  • Flush the eye with lukewarm water for 15 to 30 minutes. If both eyes are affected, flush them in the shower.
  • Call for emergency medical help or your local poison control center for specific instructions. Be ready to give the exact name of the chemical, if you have it. Nevertheless, do not delay flushing the eye first.

BLACK EYE, BLUNT INJURY or CONTUSION

For a black eye:
  • Apply cold compresses intermittently: 5 to 10 minutes on, 10 to 15 minutes off. If you use ice, cover it with a towel to protect the delicate skin on the eyelid.
  • Use cold compresses for 24 to 48 hours, then apply warm compresses intermittently.
  • If the child feels pain, give acetaminophen. Do NOT use aspirin or ibuprofen: they can increase bleeding.
  • Use an extra pillow to sleep at night and encourage the kid to sleep on the uninjured side of the face.
  • Contact your doctor, who may recommend an in-depth evaluation to rule out damage to the eye.

CONTACT THE DOCTOR URGENTLY IF there is...
  • increased redness
  • drainage from the eye
  • persistent eye pain
  • any changes in vision
  • any visible abnormality of the eyeball
  • visible bleeding on the white part of the eye, especially near the cornea

PREVENTING EYE INJURIES

If the child is involved in sports, provide him or her with protective goggles or unbreakable glasses. Keep chemicals and other potentially dangerous objects out of the reach of children.


Here you are some interesting explanations on eye injuries:

 

jueves, 5 de diciembre de 2013

CHOKINGS

When an object (usually a toy or food) is lodged in the trachea (the airway) and is keeping air from flowing normally into or out of the lungs and the child is not able to breathe properly, he or she is choking.

Most of the time, the food or the object only partially blocks the trachea and it is likely to be coughed up and that breathing will be restored easily. If a kid seems to be chocking and coughing but is still able to breathe and talk, he or she probably will recover unassisted.




A CHILD MIGHT BE CHOKING IF HE OR SHE...

  • is gasping or wheezing
  • cannot talk, cry or make noise
  • begins to turn blue
  • grabs at his or her throat or waves arms
  • seems to be panicked


WHAT TO DO

If a child is choking, call the emergency phone right away. If you are able to do abdominal thrusts (the Heimlich maneuver), do it immediately.

Never reach into the mouth to grab the object or pat the child on the back: it could push the object farther down the airway or make the situation worse.

  • If a kid is gagging and coughing but is able to breathe and talk, the airway is not completely blocked. Therefore, it is best to do nothing.
  • If a child was choking and is now unconscious and no longer breathing, call for help and immediately perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if you know the procedure. If not, call the emergency phone.
  • If the child is having difficulty breathing or swallowing, there is a persistent cough or wheezing or it has been a serious choking episode, take him or her for medical care.


PREVENTING CHOKING

All kids are at risk for choking, but those younger than three are especially vulnerable. Young children tend to put things in their mouths, have smaller airways that can be easily blocked and do not have much experience chewing and often swallow things whole.

Here you are some easy tips to prevent choking:

  • Children younger than four should avoid eating foods that are easy to choke on such as nuts, popcorn and candies. Cut food into small pieces.
  • Make sure they sit down, take small bites and do not talk or laugh with mouths full while they are eating.
  • Pick up anything off the floor that could be dangerous to swallow like pen caps, coins, beads or batteries. Keep toys or gadgets with small parts out of reach.

Take the time now to become prepared. CPR and first-aid courses are a must for parents, teachers and other caregivers.


You may find all the information given more clear in the following videos:

 
 



sábado, 23 de noviembre de 2013

NOSEBLEEDS

Although they can be scary, nosebleeds are rarely cause of alarm. Even if they are quite common in children aged between 3 and 10 years old, nosebleeds are often harmless and  stop on their own.




MOST COMMON CAUSES

  • DRY AIR
A dry climate or heated indoor air irritates and dries out nasal membranes.

  • COLDS
They can irritate the lining of the nose and bleeding can occur after repeated nose-blowing.

  • COLD + DRY WINTER HAIR
The perfect formula for nosebleeds.

  • ALLERGIES
Doctors often prescribe medicines such as antihistamines or decongestants to control the discomfort produced by allergies. Nevertheless, this can dry out the nasal membranes and cause nosebleeds.

  • INJURIES or BLOWS TO THE NOSE


WHAT TO DO

  • First of all, keep calm and rassure the child.
  • Tilt his or her head slightly forward with the child upright in a chair.
  • Gently pinch the soft part of the nose with a tissue or clean washcloth.
  • Keep pressure on the nose for about 10 minutes. Bear in mind that if you stop too soon, bleeding might start again.
  • Do NOT have the child lean back. This may cause gagging, coughing or vomiting.
  • Let the child relax for a while after a nosebleed. Avoid nose-blowing, picking or any rough play.



CALL THE DOCTOR IF THE CHILD...

  • has frequent nosebleeds
  • may have put something in his or her nose
  • tends to bruise easily
  • recently started taking new medicine



SEEK EMERGENCY CARE or CALL THE DOCTOR URGENTLY IF BLEEDING...

  • is heavy or accompanied by dizziness or weakness
  • is the result of a fall or blow to the head
  • it continues after two attempts of applying pressure for 10 minutes each


You will find more useful information in the following videos:

  • Dr. Albright from the Kids Doctors explaining what you should do if a child has a nosebleed.


  • Dr. Pamela Reber-Beach explaining what you should and should not being doing to treat a bloody nose in an easy, simple and funny way.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0DlNxC_jCw