viernes, 10 de enero de 2014

The essential first-aid kit in schools



THE ESSENTIAL FIRST-AID-KIT IN SCHOOLS





The first-aid-kit is a basic resource where you can find the essential elements that we need when we have to assist someone.

Although you can find a first-aid-kit in all schools, most of them there are not prepared as they should.

For that reason, here you can find a brief list about the basic elements that a first-aid-kit should have in a school:

BASIC ELEMENTS:

· Alcohol.

· Hydrogen peroxide.

· Thermometer.

· Saline solution.

· Soap.

· Plastic gloves.

· Cotton.

· Gauze.

· Applicator (in order to wash a wound that you can’t do it with gauze).

· Spatula (“bajalengua”).

· Bandage.

· Sticking plaster (band aids).

· Adhesive plaster.

· Betadine.

· Scissors.

· Tweezers.

· Razors.

· Painkillers. 




Interviewing an expert: learning more about the most common first aid cases in children


So as to know and learn more about the most common cfirst aid cases in children, we contacted an expert nurse. The intervieweé, Ana Hoz,  is a graduate nurse who is currently working in the hospital of Donostia (Guipúzcoa).

We find it very interesting for everyone who has any question about the most common cases of first aid. Enjoy it!

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1. What are the most common reasons why children go to the emergency room?

The most children go to the emergency room because of the fever; the fever can be caused by different reasons:

            · Otitis.
           
            · Pharyngitis.

            · Gastroenteritis.

            · Viral diseases.

2. One of the most ostentatious accidents and which causes more alarm are burns in children. What should we do if a child / minor who is in our care is burned?

You have to wet the affected part of the body with water and cover it so as to prevent infections. The doctors often bandage the wound and prescribe ointments, in some cases, cures are necessary.

3. What lesions can we had as a result of a burn?

If you are burned, you will have a scar. The seriousness of the scar depends on its degree:

            · 1st degree: epidermis.

            · 2nd degree: epidermis and subcutaneous.

            · 3rd degree: epidermis, subcutaneous, dermis and muscles.

The more high the degree is, more serious the lesion is (the tissue is more damaged).

The scars size depends on the deep of the burn. You have to hydrate them very well.

4. Although a small stomach pain is not a cause for alarm at first, it is one of the reasons why parents go with their children to the doctor. In the same way, most often a child complains of some kind of stomach pain at school. When should we worry? How can we know if we have a case of appendicitis?

Appendicitis: is an acute pain in the lower right area and it does not go down with anything. The appendicitis causes vomit and fever.

Tricks: 

· abdominal exploration (rebound tenderness)

· Jump on one leg resting on the right leg, if it hurts in the lower right abdomen area just when you fall, it may be a sign.

5.  Diarrhea and vomiting are often a concern for parents because of the danger of dehydration. What effective way could you recommend us so as to make them to stop? What can we use to avoid dehydration?

We must take a glass of water with sugar every 5 minutes (if the body tolerates it, if the body does not tolerate it, stop taking it). If you have nauseas, stop.

Signs of dehydration:

· Sunken eyes.

· Fever.

· Urinating little or dark color.

· Rashes.

· Dry mouth.

To prevent dehydration: if there is a very hot day you should take more liquid than normal, avoid prolonged sun exposure.

If you are vomiting or have diarrhea seek medical advice.

6. Although we all know that there are materials and medications that should be kept out of reach of children, sometimes children can get to access them, provoking fatal consequences. What should we do if a child gets to ingest any of the elements mentioned above?


Call immediately to the emergency phone. Carefully check what the child have eaten and the dose.

7. School canteens are careful when they have to feed children with diabetes and celiac in order to not provide the aliments that are out of their diet. How should we act if a child gets to eat something that is not suitable for her/his diet?

If a celiac or diabetic child ingests any aliments that they can, you have to call to the emergency service.

Celiac children usually start vomiting and with diarrhea. However, diabetic children need insulin and serum.

8. Nosebleeds often haven't got major complications, but may indicate a serious disease that has not yet come to light. Could you talk about what disease can be hidden behind a nosebleed?

If the child has an ear bleeding, call immediately to the doctor because it could be a sign of breakage of eardrum or skull fracture. When you pinch the soft part of the nose and keep pressure there the bleeding doesn’t stop, it could be a fractured nose.

Never lean back the child!

9. When the weather is good, it is very common to find children playing outdoors in the sun without paying much attention to hydration. How should we act if a child is suffering heat stroke? What can we do?
                                                                                 
You should put the child in the shade, cool her/his neck and forehead with water and give water to drink. Elevate his/her feet and call to the emergency service.
               
10. Children’s falls are part of the daily activities of the school. How we should disinfect wounds? How we can know if the wound needs stitches?

To disinfect wounds:

· Clean it with soap and water.
· Dry well.
· Cover the wound with gauze and tape it.

Stitches are needed when the cut has regular edges or it is deep.

If the child has fallen from a great height (3-5 meters), do not move him/her until the medical help arrives. Keep the child awake. Keep an eye on the child so as to not let her/him to move and to avoid the column’s rotations.




Interviewing an expert: learning more about epilepsy and asthma

In order to know and learn more about epilepsy and asthma, we contacted an expert doctor. The intervieweé, Leire Berriozabal,  is a graduate in Family Medicine and Family Medicine residents' supervisor who is currently working in the hospital of Mondragon (Guipúzcoa).

We found it really interesting and useful for parents, teachers and anyone who may be interested in both topics, since it provides lots of valuable information explained with a clear language. Enjoy it!


1. La epilepsia es una de las enfermedades que más alarma provoca. ¿Qué

debemos hacer si presenciamos un ataque epiléptico de un menor?
 
 
Las convulsiones provocan gran alarma entre el personal no sanitario. En un menor no

se deben confundir las convulsiones febriles y las crisis epilépticas.

Las convulsiones febriles no se consideran epilepsia, y son convulsiones asociadas a un

proceso febril (ej infección respiratoria, otitis, laringitis, etc) y aparecen en niños

menores de 3 años. En niños con antecedentes de convulsiones febriles estaría

recomendado tratar precozmente la fiebre con antitérmicos (ibuprofeno o paracetamol

oral) para prevenir el desarrollo de la misma.

Si presenciamos una convulsión febril, deberíamos evitar que el menor se lesione con

objetos del entorno, sujetarlo suavemente y esperar a que pase en 10-15minutos. Si

superara este tiempo tendríamos que avisar al 112, ya que no se consideraría una

convulsión febril simple y habría que administrar medicación rectal y posiblemente

realizar algún estudio neurológico posterior. Aumentan ligeramente el riesgo de sufrir

epilepsia en el adulto (2-7% de los niños con convulsiones febriles, frente al 1 % de

riesgo que tiene el resto de la población, sobre todo las de larga duración con clínica

neurológica añadida tras la crisis).

Una crisis epiléptica en un menor puede presentarse de distinta manera: como una crisis

tónico-clónica (con movimientos y sacudidas generalizadas), crisis parcial

(movimientos que afectan a una extremidad solamente) o crisis de ausencia (se tratan de

pequeñas desconexiones del medio, como si estuviera ausente, sin movimientos del

cuerpo).

Habitualmente nos referimos a crisis epiléptica como las tónico-clónicas, pero conviene

recordar que las crisis parciales y las ausencias son igual de importantes y mucho menos

llamativas.

Conservar la calma y no actuar precipitadamente.

Intentar que el menor no se lesione retirando objetos peligrosos de alrededor y

colocando algo blando bajo su cabeza.

Aflojar la ropa alrededor del cuello.

Observar la duración de la crisis epiléptica (la gran mayoría no supera los 2-3

minutos) tras lo cual la persona permanece somnolienta y se recupera gradualmente

en 10-20 minutos.

No introducir objetos en la boca (pueden obstruir la vía aérea si se traga el objeto y

podemos causar lesiones orales al intentar introducirlo a la fuerza).

No se debe dar medicación ni líquidos ni nada por boca a un inconsciente.

En caso de vómitos o ante la duda en la mayoría de los casos colocarle de lado en

posición lateral de seguridad: tumbado sobre un costado, con la cabeza apoyada en un

brazo y la pierna libre flexionada. Asi evitamos en caso de vómito que vaya a la vía

respiratoria y que la lengua caiga hacia atrás y obstruya la respiración.

Permanecer al lado de la persona hasta que ceda la crisis y comprobar que

progresivamente se recupera y vuelve a la normalidad.

En caso de duración superior a 10-15 minutos, o no saber como actuar llamar al 112.
 
2. Hay una creencia general de que es necesario sujetarles la lengua para que

el afectado no se ahogue durante el ataque epiléptico. ¿Qué hay de cierto en

ello?
 
Es cierto que la lengua queda flácida por pérdida de tono muscular durante la crisis

epiléptica y puede causar una obstrucción de la vía respiratoria al caer hacia atrás si la

persona está tumbada boca arriba. De ahí surge la creencia que hay que sujetarles la

lengua o introducir un objeto en la boca para dicha función.

La realidad es que no se deben introducir objetos extraños en la boca para evitar que la

lengua caiga hacia atrás, y normalmente no suele ser ni posible por la contracturarigidez

que presenta la musculatura de la cara y alrededor de la boca. NO se debe forzar

la apertura bucal.

El único objeto autorizado a introducir en una crisis epiléptica es una cánula orofaringea

o Guedel que no se dispone habitualmente salvo en unidades sanitarias o ambulancias.

Por lo tanto no insistiremos en introducir objetos en la boca para sujetar la lengua.

En lugar de eso colocaremos al paciente en posición lateral de seguridad con lo que

además de evitar que aspire su propio vómito estando inconsciente, mantendremos la

vía aérea abierta ya que al estar tumbado de lado la lengua caerá a un lado y respirará

con normalidad.
 
3. ¿Qué función desempeña la medicación? ¿Es eficaz para evitar los ataques?

¿A qué edad suele detectarse?
 
La medicación es fundamental para prevenir y tratar los ataques cuando suceden.

Aunque es cierto que cada tipo de Epilepsia infantil requiere un tratamiento específico,

adaptado a las características del paciente. Algunos son refractarios (resistentes) al

tratamiento.

Existen medidas preventivas y hábitos de vida saludables que pueden ayudar a prevenir

las crisis (buen ritmo de sueño, vida ordenada, evitar drogas, cumplir pauta

tratamiento).

Contrariamente a lo que se cree la mayoría de las epilepsias no son fotosensibles

(desencadenadas por luces intensas y parpadeantes, videojuegos, etc), se engloban

dentro de un grupo denominado epilepsias reflejas, que son desencadenadas por un

estímulo concreto y repetido. Suponen un 4% de todas las epilepsias. Dentro de este

grupo hay casos de epilepsias desencadenadas por estímulos tan sencillos como el agua

caliente.

Respecto a la edad de detección de la epilepsia, no existe una edad concreta. Se inicia el

estudio y seguimiento con posterior tratamiento si lo precisa tras presentar al menos 2

crisis epilépticas (del tipo que sean, ausencias, parciales o generalizadas). Nunca se

etiqueta a nadie de epilepsia con solo un episodio.
 
4. El asma es una enfermedad bastante común entre los niños. ¿Puede

considerarse una patología seria?


Si, es una enfermedad a tener cuenta, una crisis asmática grave es una urgencia vital. Un

asmático debe ponerlo en conocimiento de sus compañeros y profesores y llevar su

medicación siempre encima.

 
5. ¿Es cierto que los niños afectados de asma no pueden hacer ejercicio físico?


Es una creencia totalmente falsa. Los niños con asma pueden y deben hacer deporte

físico, adaptado a su tipo de asma (si es alérgico no debería hacer deporte expuesto al

alergeno que le desencadena la crisis, ej. Polen, polvo) y con una pauta de tratamiento

adecuado.

Se debe prestar especial atención a los deportes de resistencia, de intensidad y duración

prolongada. Pero por poder pueden hacer deporte, siempre que tengan buen control del

asma con la medicación. Antes del ejercicio se suele recomendar en algunos casos

tomar una dosis extra del inhalador.


* Due to the high technical character of the interview, we decided to publish its original version so as to be absolutely faithful to the expert's words.

DROWNINGS

About one in five people who die from drowning are children aged 14 or younger. Kids are specially at risk because they are curious, fast and attracted to water but are not yet able to understand how dangerous it is. For every child who dies from drowning, another five receive emergency department care for nonfatal submersion injuries.


Children ages 1 to 4 have the highest drowning rates. In 2009, among children 1 to 4 years old who died from an untentional injury, more than 30% were from drowning, occuring most of them in home swimming pools. Drowning is responsable for more deaths among children 1-4 than any other cause except congenital anomalies. Among children between 1 and 14, fatal drowning remains the second-leading cause of uninentional injury-related death behind motor vehicle crashes.


WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE CHILDREN DROWNING RISK?
  • Lack of swimming ability
  • Lack of barriers
  • Lack of close supervision
  • Location
  • Failure to wear life jackets
  • Seizure disorders

WHAT TO DO
  • Get the child out of the water as quickly as possible.
  • Begin rescue breathing and call for help
  • Open the child's airway
  • If he/she does not seem to breathe, place your mouth over child's nose and lips and give two breaths, each lasting about one second (if they are under age 1) or pinch the kid's nose and seal your lips over his/her mouth, giving two slow, full breaths from one to two seconds each (in case they are 1 or older)
  • If doing that the chest rises, check for a pulse. If not, try again. If there is a pulse, give one breath every three seconds. Check for a pulse every minute and continue rescue breathing until the child is breathing on her own or help arrives.
  • If you cannot find a pulse, with children under age 1, imagine a line between the child's nipples, and place two fingers just below its centerpoint. Apply five half-inch chest compressions in about three seconds. After five compressions, seal your lips over your child's mouth and nose and give one breath. With children 1 or older, use the heel of your hand to apply five quick one-inch chest compressions to the middle of the breastbone (just above where the ribs come together) in about three seconds. After five compressions, pinch your child's nose, seal your lips over his mouth, and give one full breath. All ages: Continue the cycle of five chest compressions followed by a breath for one minute, then check for a pulse. Repeat cycle until you find a pulse or help arrives and takes over.

HOW TO PREVENT CHILDREN FROM DROWNING
  • Supervise children in or around the water
  • Use the buddy system
  • Seizure disorder safety
  • Learn to swim
  • Learn Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
  • Be careful with air-filled or foam toys
  • Bear in mind the local weather conditions and forecast before swimming or boating.
  • If you have a swimming pool at home, install four-sided fencing and clear the pool and deck of toys.





ASTHMA FLARE-UPS


Asthma is an illness that affects a person's airways or bronchial tubes. These tubes lead from the trachea into the lungs.

 

For most kids, breathing is an unconscious action: they breathe in through their noses or mouths and the air goes into the trachea, travelling next through the airways into the lungs. Nevertheless, such an easy action can be really difficult because of the sensitivity of their airways.


WHO GETS ASTHMA?

Asthma is more common than we might think. In fact, it affects about 1 or 2 kids out of 10. It can start at any age, being specially common in school-age kids.

The reason why people are affected by asthma is still unknown, but it has been proved that it runs in families.


WHAT IS AN ASTHMA FLARE-UP?

An asthma flare-up or asthma attack happens when a person's airways get swollen and narrower and it becomes extremely difficult for air to get easily in and out of the lungs. What is more, the swollen airways may sometimes produce extra mucus, becoming breathing even more difficult. Kids with asthma may wheeze, cough or feel tightness in the chest.

After an asthma flare-up, the airways almost always return to the way they were before, although it can take several days. Nevertheless, if asthma is not treated can get worse and worse.

 
WHAT CAUSES AN ASTHMA FLARE-UP?

An asthma flare-up may occur when a children comes in contact with:
  • Dust mites
  • Mold
  • Pollen
  • Colds
  • Furry animals
  • Perfume
  • Chalk dust
  • Cigarrette smoke

TREATMENT

Kids affected by asthma should try to avoid those elements that can cause their airways to tighten. Nevertheless, some of them, such as animals, colds or chalk dust, cannot be avoided. Thus, these children need to manage their illness with medication.

Since there are different types of asthma, there are also different kinds of medicines for treating it. In order to provide the best treatment, the doctor will take into account the causes of the asthma flare-ups, how often they happen and how serious they are.

There are two main sorts of medication:
  • The rescue medicine: when it is taken only once in a while, when a flare-up happens. It works fast opening the airways, so the person can breathe easily again.
  • The controller medicine: it needs to be taken every day. It is mainly used to prevent flare-ups.

EARLY WARNING SIGNS OF AN ASTHMA FLARE-UP


WHAT TO DO

Asthma flare-ups demand IMMEDIATE attention. Take the rescue medication and go to the doctor (if it is really serious, even go to the hospital).


HOW TO PREVENT ASTHMA FLARE-UPS
  • Take the prescribed medication
  • Keep rescue medicine on hand at all times
  • Avoid triggers, such as allergens



 

sábado, 4 de enero de 2014

HIVES (Cases of urticaria)

Red raised spots on children's skin are often a case of the hives (a common biological reaction to something like an allergen). They seldom cause serious health problems and most of them eventually clear up and go away.



Hives or urticaria are red raised bumps or welts on the skin. They can appear in any part of the body as small individual spots or large interconnected bumps. They can last from a few hours to a week (sometimes this period of time can be longer).


MOST COMMON CAUSES
  • Allergic reactions to food (specially shellfish, tree nuts, milk and fruit), medications and allergy shots, pets or other animals, pollen, insect bites and stings.
  • Infections, including colds
  • Exercise
  • Anxiety or stress
  • Exposure to the sun
  • Exposure to the cold
  • Contact with chemicals
  • Scratching
  • Putting pressure on the skin

TREATMENT
  • In many cases hives won't require any treatment and they will go away on their own.
  • In case a trigger is identified, treatment will include making sure the child avoids it. If there is important itchiness, the doctor may prescribe an antihistamine medication.
  • For chronic hives, the doctor may recommend a non-sedating prescription or over-the-counter antihistamine to be taken every day. If this does not work, a stronger antihistamine, another medication or a combination of medicines may be suggested by the specialist. In rare cases, oral steroids could be provided.

SEEK EMERGENCY CARE or CALL THE DOCTOR URGENTLY if you observe one of the followings:
  • anaphylactic shock
  • severe attacks
  • angioedema

You may find interesting these videos about hives:






viernes, 3 de enero de 2014

Abdominal Pain and Poisoning

ABDOMINAL PAIN



Children often complain of stomach pain. It is one of the most common reasons that parents take children to the doctor or the hospital emergency department. Stomach pain can be hard to diagnose. 

Most of children with stomach pain get better in hours or days without special treatment. 

A range of causes:

There are many health problems that can cause stomach pain for children. Here you have the most common ones:

· Bowel problems (constipation, colic or irritable bowel)

· Infections (gastroentiritis, kidney or bladder infections, or infections in other parts of the body)

· Food-related problems (too much food, food poisonng or food allergies)

· Problems outside the abdomen (muscle strain or migraine)

· Surgical problems (appendicitis, bowel obstruction or intussusception)

· Period pain (some girls can have it before their periods start)

· Poisoning (spider bites, eating soap...)


Some children suffer repeat attacks of stomach pain which can be worrying for parents. Children might feel stomach pain when they are worried about themselves or people around them. 

What to do:

· Have the child rest (avoid activity especially after eating).

· Ask your child’s doctor before giving any medicine for abdominal pain. Drugs can mask or worsen the pain. Give to the child paracetamol as a painkiller, remember that doses for children are often different to those for adults, so please, check the packet carefully, for the right dose. Avoid giving aspirin.

What to do so as to treat symptoms:

· Provide clear fluids to sip, such as water, broth, or fruit juice diluted with water.

· Serve bland foods, such as saltine crackers, plain bread, dry toast, rice, gelatin, or applesauce.

· Avoid spicy or greasy foods and caffeinated or carbonated drinks until 48 hours after all symptoms have gone away.

· Encourage the child to have a bowel movement.

When to call a doctor:

Call the child's doctor immediately if your child has any of the followng:

· Persistent pain on the right side of the abdomen, which could be an appendicitis.

· Pain confined to one part of the abdomen.

· Severe or rapidly worsening abdominal pain or pain that doesn't go away within 24 hours.

· Pain or tenderness when you press on the belly.

· A swollen abdomen or an abdomen that is rigid to the touch.

· Pain in the groin, or pain or swelling in a testicle.

· Unexplained fever.

· Lots of vomiting or diarrhea for more than 24 hours.

· Refused to eat or drink.

· Bleeding from the rectum.

· Blood in the stool or vomit.

· A recent abdominal injury.


Child poisoning: 



Accidental poisoning is common, especially among young children aged between one and three years. 

Poisoning may be a a medical emergency: if you suspect a child has been exposed to a poison or if a child has been given the wrong medicine or wrong dose of medicine, phone the Poisons Information Centre inmmediately.

If the child has collapsed, stopped breathing, is having a fit or is suffering an anaphylactic reaction, immediately ring for an ambulance

Symptoms of poisoning:

If the child has had a significant poisoning, any symptoms that develop will depend on a number of factors.

Symptoms of poisoning can include:

· Nausea.

· Vomiting. 

· Drowsiness.

· Falling over.

· Tummy pain.

· Fitting.

DO NOT WAIT FOR POISONING SYMPTOMS TO APPEAR. DO NOT TRY TO MAKE THE CHILD VOMIT, THIS CAN DO MORE HARM THAN GOOD.


Children First Aid: Poisoning and harmful substances (VIDEO)